Hypertension
Persistent elevation of blood pressure above the recommended range. It is often asymptomatic but can progressively damage the cardiovascular system and other organs.
A closer look
Hypertension is a chronic condition in which blood pressure remains persistently elevated. It may be primary or secondary to another condition or medication
What can cause it
Most hypertension is primary, meaning no single cause is identifiedMost hypertension is primary, meaning no single cause is identified. Secondary hypertension may result from: Kidney disease Endocrine disorders Obstructive sleep apnoea Certain medicines or substances Renal artery disease
Signs and symptoms
Usually asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they are not specific to hypertension. Severe hypertension may be associated with headache, visual disturbance, chest pain, shortness of breath or neurological symptoms.
Who may be more at risk
Increasing age Family history Excess dietary sodium Overweight or obesity Physical inactivity Excessive alcohol intake Smoking Diabetes Kidney disease Sleep apnoea
How it is assessed
Diagnosis requires properly measured blood pressure that remains elevated on repeated measurements. Where appropriate, confirmation may include home or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A single elevated reading should be interpreted in clinical context.
Tests that may be used
Assessment may include: Repeat blood pressure measurements Blood glucose or HbA1c Lipid profile Kidney function and electrolytes Urinalysis ECG Additional investigations may be required when secondary hypertension or organ damage is suspected.
Treatment and management
Management depends on the blood pressure level and overall cardiovascular risk. It may include: Weight management Reduced dietary sodium Regular physical activity Smoking cessation Limiting alcohol Antihypertensive medication when indicated Regular blood pressure monitoring Common medication classes include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium-channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics.
Reducing the risk
Maintain a healthy weight Exercise regularly Limit dietary sodium Eat a balanced diet Avoid smoking Limit alcohol Monitor blood pressure regularly, particularly if you have risk factors
When to get medical help
Seek urgent medical attention for severely elevated blood pressure accompanied by: Chest pain Severe shortness of breath New weakness or numbness Difficulty speaking Confusion Severe headache Sudden visual changes Loss of consciousness
